Ibinyabuzima bitera indwara ni mikorobe ishobora gutera umubiri w'umuntu, igatera indwara ndetse n'indwara zanduza, cyangwa virusi.Muri virusi, bagiteri na virusi nibyo byangiza cyane.

Kwandura ni imwe mu mpamvu nyamukuru zitera uburwayi n'urupfu.Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, kuvumbura imiti igabanya ubukana bwahinduye imiti igezweho, biha abantu “intwaro” yo kurwanya indwara, ndetse bituma no kubaga, guhinduranya ingingo, no kuvura kanseri bishoboka.Nyamara, hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa virusi zitera indwara zanduza, harimo virusi, bagiteri, ibihumyo nizindi mikorobe.Mu rwego rwo kunoza gusuzuma no kuvura indwara zitandukanye, no kurengera ubuzima bwabantu

Ubuzima busaba uburyo bunoze kandi bwihuse bwo gupima amavuriro.None ni ubuhe buhanga bwo kumenya mikorobe?

01 Uburyo bwa gakondo bwo gutahura

Muburyo bwo gutahura gakondo mikorobe ziterwa na virusi, inyinshi murizo zigomba kwanduzwa, umuco, no kumenyekanisha ibinyabuzima bigakorwa hashingiwe kuri ubwo buryo, kugirango ubwoko butandukanye bwa mikorobe bushobora kumenyekana, kandi agaciro ko gutahura ni hejuru.Uburyo bwa gakondo bwo gutahura burimo cyane cyane gusiga microscopi, umuco wo gutandukana hamwe na biohimiki reaction, hamwe numuco wa selile.

1 Siga microscopi

Microorganisme ya patogene ni ntoya mubunini kandi inyinshi ntizifite ibara kandi zisobanutse.Nyuma yo kuyisiga irangi, irashobora gukoreshwa mukureba ingano, imiterere, gahunda, nibindi bifashishije microscope.Kwisuzumisha mu buryo butaziguye kwisuzumisha microscopique biroroshye kandi byihuse, kandi biracyakoreshwa kuri izo ndwara ziterwa na mikorobe zanduye zifite imiterere yihariye, nk'ubwandu bwa gonococcal, Mycobacterium tuberculose, infection spirochetal, n'ibindi kugirango bisuzumwe hakiri kare.Uburyo bwo kwisuzumisha bwa Photomicroscopique bwihuse, kandi burashobora gukoreshwa mugusuzuma amashusho ya virusi zifite imiterere yihariye.Ntabwo isaba ibikoresho nibikoresho bidasanzwe.Biracyari uburyo bwingenzi bwo kumenya mikorobe itera indwara muri laboratoire yibanze.

2 Umuco wo gutandukana hamwe na biohimiki reaction

Umuco wo gutandukana ukoreshwa cyane cyane mugihe hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa bagiteri kandi imwe murimwe igomba gutandukana.Ikoreshwa cyane mumyanya, umwanda, amaraso, amazi yumubiri, nibindi. Kuberako bagiteri ikura kandi ikagwira igihe kirekire, ubu buryo bwo gupima busaba igihe runaka., Kandi ntishobora gutunganyirizwa mubice, bityo urwego rwubuvuzi rwakomeje gukora ubushakashatsi kuri iki kibazo, hifashishijwe ibikoresho byifashishijwe byifashishwa mu kumenyekanisha uburyo bwo guhugura no kunoza ukuri.

3 Umuco w'akagari

Ingirabuzimafatizo zigizwe ahanini na chlamydia, virusi, na rickettsiae.Kubera ko ubwoko bwingirabuzimafatizo ziri muri virusi zitandukanye zitandukanye, nyuma yuko ingirabuzimafatizo zimaze gukurwa muri mikorobe ziterwa na virusi, ingirabuzimafatizo nzima zigomba guterwa umuco na subculture.Ibinyabuzima biterwa na mikorobe byatewe byinjizwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo kugira ngo bigabanye impinduka z’ibinyabuzima bishoboka.Byongeye kandi, mugihe cyo gutsimbataza ingirabuzimafatizo, mikorobe ziterwa na virusi zishobora guterwa mu buryo butaziguye ku nyamaswa zumva, hanyuma ibimenyetso biranga virusi birashobora gupimwa hakurikijwe impinduka z’imitsi n’ingingo z’inyamaswa.

02 Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima

Hamwe nogukomeza kunoza urwego rwubuhanga bwubuvuzi kwisi, iterambere niterambere ryikoranabuhanga rya molekuline yibinyabuzima, rishobora kumenya neza imiterere mikorobe ziterwa na virusi, rishobora kandi kunoza imiterere yimiterere yimikoreshereze yimiterere ya morphologie na physiologique yo hanze mugikorwa cyo gutahura gakondo, kandi irashobora gukoresha genes zidasanzwe Uruhererekane rw'ibice rugaragaza ubwoko bwa mikorobe yanduye, bityo tekinoroji yo gupima genetike ikoreshwa cyane murwego rwo kwipimisha kwa muganga.

1 Urunigi rwa polymerase (PCR)

Urunigi rwa polymerase (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR) nubuhanga bukoresha primers izwi cyane ya oligonucleotide kugirango bayobore kandi bongereze agace gato ka gene kugirango bapimwe mubice bitazwi muri vitro.Kuberako PCR ishobora kongera gene kugirango isuzumwe, irakwiriye cyane cyane mugupima hakiri kare kwandura virusi, ariko niba primers idasobanutse neza, irashobora gutera ibyiza bibi.Ikoranabuhanga rya PCR ryateye imbere byihuse mu myaka 20 ishize, kandi kwizerwa kwayo kwagiye gahoro gahoro kuva kwongera gene kugera kuri clon ya gene no guhinduka no gusesengura geneti.Ubu buryo kandi nuburyo nyamukuru bwo kumenya coronavirus nshya muri iki cyorezo.

Foregene yateje imbere ibikoresho bya RT-PCR bishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya Direct PCR, kugira ngo hamenyekane genes 2 zisanzwe, genes 3, hamwe n’ibitandukanye biva mu Bwongereza, Burezili, Afurika y'Epfo, n'Ubuhinde, umurongo wa B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 (ZA), umurongo wa B.1.617 (IND) na P.1 (BR).

Ikoranabuhanga rya chip

Ikoranabuhanga rya gene bivuga gukoresha ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya micarray kugirango ihuze ibice bya ADN byuzuye cyane ku bice bikomeye nka membrane hamwe n'amabati y'ibirahure muburyo runaka cyangwa gahunda binyuze muri robotike yihuta cyangwa muri synthesis.Hamwe nubushakashatsi bwa ADN bwanditseho isotopes cyangwa fluorescence, kandi hifashishijwe ihame ryo kuzuzanya shingiro, hakozwe umubare munini wubuhanga bwubushakashatsi nko kwerekana gene no gukurikirana.Gukoresha tekinoroji ya gene chip mugupima mikorobe itera indwara irashobora kugabanya cyane igihe cyo gusuzuma.Muri icyo gihe, irashobora kandi kumenya niba virusi itera imiti, imiti irwanya imiti, ndetse n’ibiyobyabwenge byumva, kugira ngo bitange imiti y’ubuvuzi.Nyamara, ikiguzi cyibikorwa byikoranabuhanga kiri hejuru cyane, kandi ibyiyumvo byo kumenya chip bigomba kunozwa.Kubwibyo, ubu buhanga buracyakoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwa laboratoire kandi ntabwo bwakoreshejwe cyane mubikorwa byubuvuzi.

3 Nucleic aside Hybridisation

Nucleic aside ivanga ni inzira aho imigozi imwe ya nucleotide hamwe nuruhererekane rwuzuzanya muri mikorobe ziterwa na mikorobe ziteranya mu ngirabuzimafatizo zigakora heteroduplexes.Ikintu kiganisha kuri Hybridisation ni reaction yimiti hagati ya acide nucleic na probe kugirango tumenye mikorobe zitera indwara.Kugeza ubu, tekinike ya nucleic aside yifashishwa mu gutahura mikorobe ziterwa na virusi zirimo ahanini aside nucleic muri situ ya Hybridisation hamwe na membrane blot hybridisation.Acide nucleique muri situ ya Hybridisation bivanga kuvanga acide nucleic acide muri selile patogene hamwe na probe yanditseho.Membrane blot hybridisation isobanura ko nyuma yukugerageza gutandukanya aside nucleic ya selile ya patogene, isukurwa kandi igahuzwa ninkunga ikomeye, hanyuma ikavangwa nubushakashatsi bwakozwe.Ikoreshwa rya comptabilite ya Hybridisation ifite ibyiza byo gukora byoroshye kandi byihuse, kandi birakwiriye mikorobe yoroheje kandi ifite intego.

Ikizamini cya serologiya

Igeragezwa rya serologiya rishobora kumenya vuba mikorobe zitera indwara.Ihame ryibanze ryubuhanga bwo gupima serologiya ni ukumenya virusi ikoresheje antigene izwi na virusi.Ugereranije no gutandukanya selile gakondo numuco, intambwe yo gukora yo gupima serologiya iroroshye.Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gutahura burimo testx agglutination test hamwe na enzyme ihujwe na tekinoroji ya immunoassay.Gukoresha enzyme ihujwe na tekinoroji ya immunoassay irashobora kunoza cyane ibyiyumvo byihariye no kwipimisha serologiya.Ntishobora kumenya antigen gusa murugero rwibizamini, ahubwo irashobora no kumenya antibody.

Muri Nzeri 2020, Umuryango w’indwara zandura muri Amerika (IDSA) watanze umurongo ngenderwaho wo gupima serologiya yo gusuzuma COVID-19.

04 Kwipimisha

Gutahura immunologiya byitwa kandi tekinoroji yo gutandukanya amasaro ya immunomagnetic.Iri koranabuhanga rirashobora gutandukanya bagiteri zitera indwara kandi zidatera indwara.Ihame shingiro ni: gukoresha microsperes ya magnetiki yo gutandukanya antigen imwe cyangwa ubwoko bwinshi bwa virusi.Antigene ziteraniye hamwe, kandi bagiteri zitera indwara zitandukana na virusi ziterwa nigisubizo cyumubiri wa antigen hamwe numurima wa magneti wo hanze.

Gutahura indwara ya pathogen-guhumeka indwara ya patogene

Foregene "15 yubuhumekero bwa patoggenic detection kit kit" irimo gutegurwa.Igikoresho kirashobora kumenya ubwoko 15 bwa bagiteri zitera indwara muri spumum bitabaye ngombwa koza aside nucleic muri spum.Kubijyanye no gukora neza, bigabanya umwimerere iminsi 3 kugeza kuri 5 kugeza kumasaha 1.5.